Crime Scene Forensics - Analyzing Broken Glass Found at a Crime Scene

Suppose a victim called police and notified that somebody committed a drive-by shooting on his house. Crime scene investigators (CSI's) then show up to investigate the crime. One of the things they look at is the broken glass through which the bullet or bullets pass. Such evidence can tell a story to the technician with a keen eye for the details found in broken glass.

The manner in which glass breaks many times presents clues with regard to how it was broken. For instance, glass that was broken by a speeding baseball will have a different pattern of fracture than glass that was broken by a speeding bullet.

Crime

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Particular break characteristics allow a forensic scientist to ascertain the direction from which the impact came. They include a special kind of stress-fracture lines called conchoidal lines. Conchoidal lines are lines that emanate from the site of impact. When viewing glass through its thickness, these lines curve out and away from the point of impact in a curve resembling a seashell curve.

Crime Scene Forensics - Analyzing Broken Glass Found at a Crime Scene

If the investigator takes a closer look at the conchoidal lines, he can see tiny lines that radiate almost 90 degrees from the conchoidal lines. These fracture lines are known as hackle marks.

Cracks in windows and other flat plates of glass such as windshields tend to radiate and concentrate. When viewing the glass perpendicularly from the surface, one can see radial cracks that radiate outward from the impact point. Picture this like the spokes that radiate from the center of a wheel.

Again, when viewing the glass perpendicularly from the surface, one would also find cracks that concentrate around the impact point and are called concentric cracks. Concentric cracks are cracks that form progressively larger circles around the impact point. Picture this as a circle within a circle within a circle....all surrounding the impact point.

If a speeding bullet strikes a window and penetrates it but does not completely break it, the destruction may leave behind a hole accompanied or not accompanied by the aforementioned fracture lines.

On one side of the impact (the entrance side), the hole will be small and clean. On the other side of impact (the exit side), a small conical piece of glass would have been removed. CSI's would normally view the glass from both sides to determine a bullet's trajectory; i.e. whether the bullet was fired from the outside of the house in as in the case of a drive-by shooting or vice versa.

The next time you watch your favorite CSI or Forensic Files TV show, you will have a better understanding of how broken glass is studied in a crime lab in order to bring a perpetrator to justice.

Crime Scene Forensics - Analyzing Broken Glass Found at a Crime Scene

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Genre Novels - Word Count Rules, Subgenres, and Guidelines For Getting Your Book Published

Wondering "How long is my book? How long should my book be? What genre is my book or novel?" Keep reading. If you have written a novel, use this article to be sure that your book meets the basic guidelines of literary agents and book publishers. You will be more likely to be published if your book follows the "rules" of your genre (whether romance, thriller, Western, fantasy, young adult, historical, or horror).

Disclaimer: Keep in mind that the information below is an overview of guidelines. For the best results always research specific information about your project.

Crime

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The Rules Of Fantasy Genre Novels Fantasy is generally about world building (creating alternative worlds). Avoid clichés in your characterization, and let your major themes be strong yet subtle. Always research publisher guidelines: One publishing house states caveats such as "no time machines, please."

Genre Novels - Word Count Rules, Subgenres, and Guidelines For Getting Your Book Published

 Fantasy novels can contain between 80,000 and 150,000 words (approximately). Fantasy novels can be a little longer than other novels, and they are sometimes serialized.

Subgenres of fantasy include: high, fantasy of manners, alternate history, dark, historical, steampunk, urban, wuxia, and more.

The Rules Of Romance Genre Novels A romance usually emphasizes the heroine's perspective, and the reader should be drawn into the love story. Romances end with a happily ever after of some kind.

How long is a romance novel? A stand-alone romance novel is normally between 80,000 and 100,000 words. A category romance novel (like those published by Harlequin) is generally shorter, and each "imprint" will have its own criteria. Be sure you know what imprint you're targeting before you start writing.

Subgenres of romance include: women's fiction, Regency, historical, fantasy/science fiction, contemporary, Christian, time travel, paranormal, erotica, and more.

The Rules Of Historical Fiction Genre NovelsResearch and attention to detail are of top importance in historical fiction. Characters must behave in accordance with the times. Plots can be "big" (featuring many strong characters and tackling big or complex issues). Some historicals are part of a saga (a series of books that covers generations within a family or many characters).

How long is a historical novel? A stand-alone historical book may be 85,000 to 100,000 words. Publishing a book longer than 100,000 words is difficult (especially for first-timers), but historical novels are sometimes longer.

The Rules Of Mystery Genre Novels Pay special attention to plot and pacing in this genre. Introduce the murder or the crime early, and research the methods by which the crime was committed. Research forensics, criminal justice, and detective procedures to lend credibility.

How long is a mystery novel? Mysteries vary in length. Stand-alone mysteries (which may have some overlap with thrillers) may be between 75,000 and 100,000 words. Cozy mysteries, like those in a series, are often on the shorter side.

Subgenres of mystery include: crime, hardboiled, true crime, cozy, amateur sleuth, supernatural, police procedural, and more.

The Rules Of Thriller Genre Novels Emphasis in thrillers is on strong characters, action, and fast pacing. Thrillers often show clear antagonists and protagonists. Thrillers can be graphic and gritty or somewhat tamer. Focus is always on suspense. 

How long is a thriller novel? Thriller novels generally run between 90,000 to 100,000 words (loosely), but they can be a little longer as well.

Subgenres of thrillers include: conspiracy, crime, action, political, disaster, erotica, eco, legal, and more.

The Rules Of Horror Genre Novels Fears and phobias play into the reader's emotions in this genre. There is often a supernatural and paranormal element, but as always, steer clear of clichés.

Horror novels vary in length and are generally between 80,000 and 100,000 words.

Subgenres of horror include: ghost, erotic, psychological, body horror, weird menace, occult detective, and more.

The Rules Of Young Adult (YA) Genre Novels Young adult (YA) fiction targets boys and girls between the ages of 12-18. The tone, style, and content of YA novels changes depending on the specific age of the target audience. The genre can tackle G-rated issues or it can be very edgy.

 Generally, YA books run between 40,000 and 75,000 words, depending on the target age group.

"Edgy" YA tackles controversial or difficult topics. Otherwise, subgenres of YA are the same as subgenres of adult fiction.

The Rules Of Western Genre Novels Westerns should be set west of the Mississippi River and before the year 1900. Historical details must be accurate. Westerns are very specific and specialized, but be sure that you're not relying on clichés!

How long is a Western book? Westerns tend to be on the shorter side, anywhere from 45,000 to 75,000 words (loosely).

Genre Novels - Word Count Rules, Subgenres, and Guidelines For Getting Your Book Published

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Crime in Camden, America's Most Dangerous City

Despite its small population of just 70,0000 inhabitants, Camden (NJ) has been in the top 10 of America's most dangerous cities for more than half a century with just some rare gaps. In fact crime rate in Camden rarely subsided too much since the time the city picked up its infamous criminal background reputation in 1949. That was the year when an unemployed Howard Unruh murdered 13 people in 12 minutes, having thus set the sad record of killing as many people in as little time - more than one per minute! - and becoming the first known single-episode mass murderer in the USA's modern history.

If you review the city's only recent years history of crime and violence, then total of 7,639 serious crimes were reported to Camden police in 2000. In 2002 the FBI's Uniform Crime Report cited Camden, New Jersey, to have put on record 607 cases of robbery and 797 cases of aggravated assault, nearly double the national average.

Crime

The 2004 crime statistics ranked Camden, New Jersey, as the nation's highest crime rate city, up from the third place in 2003. Those rankings took into account a city's crime rate for crime categories covering 6 basic crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary and motor vehicle theft. In 2004 Camden experienced an increase in every category over the same criminal statistics in 2003. Specifically, the murder rate was cited almost 9 times the national average of 5.7 per 100,000. The privately funded research in 2004 compared 354 cities with the population starting from 75,000 residents.

Crime in Camden, America's Most Dangerous City

"We must give our people jobs, training and opportunity," said City Council Member Ali Sloan-El while talking before the public in 2005. The official then identified Camden's poverty and unemployment as the most important factors feeding the community's high crime rate. According to the Prosecutor's Office Camden also got then a position in the list of America's poorest cities.

Nonetheless, the year 2005 used to be seen by the Police and City Counsel as inspiring some valid hopes for the public safety improvement due to many police measures taken. Really, the start of the year 2005, from January to March, saw 24 percent decline in crime in Camden, providing more reason for the community optimism at the time than ever before.The city officials announced start of the program aimed to implement a proven aggressive crime-fighting technique called "crime mapping".

They were hoping to follow Newark, the other former violent crime rate leader in America that had started off with similar project in 1996. The "crime mapping" pattern implemented in Newark was able to result in truly dramatic 43 percent reduction in reported crime as quickly as already by 1998. There was no reason doubting the same scheme would work for Camden too, the more so that according to the Inc. Magazine, early in 2004 the city of Camden had been ranked #6 out of 277 biggest cities as the most promising place to do business in. The unseen flow of investments that had started literally pour into the city's infrastructure was expected to end up with poverty and unemployment and resolve the city's major crime problems. Even if no expert or analyst expected any immediate results and hoped only for long-term improvements, the hope still persisted.

Three years have passed since then. So, what do we see now?

By the end of the year 2008 Camden did report some noticeable decline in violent crimes, such as aggravated assaults, assaults with firearms, and thefts. From the other hand 48 homicides were reported, exceeding 42 in 2007. The first six months of the current year produced so mane fatalities and serious bodily injuries that Camden risked to break its own 12 years old record of 58 homicides reported in 1995.

Even if some improvement did take place, the progress was not even nearly close to what was expected in the year 2005. Sad thing to say, but Camden keeps holding firmly its reputation of the city drowning in street violence. In an attempt to keep control over the situation the Police try to make more arrests for minor offenses such as public drinking, playing loud music, loitering that all belong to the so-called quality-of-life offenses. These arrests are intended to prevent criminal offenses of more serious nature and to serve as a sort of warning for potential felons. But do they?

This current tactics pursued by the police of Camden during the last 2 months starting the end of October 2008 seem to spread public skepticism as for it's effectiveness. Citizens wonder if police expect to prevent street shootings, acts of homicide or drug-trafficking by arresting people for loitering. The fines imposed on the arrested for loitering are what many of them can't afford to pay, while getting record of having been arrested or issued warrants start showing up in pre-employment background check reports, making it harder for subjects to find jobs, if not reducing the very possibility of getting employed to the next minimum.

Crime in Camden, America's Most Dangerous City

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Single Parent Family Statistics - Single Parents a New Trend?

Single parent family households have become a common occurrence in the United States, and the number of these types of households has been on the rise for the last several decades. Currently in the United States, according to single parent family statistics, there are over 13 million single parents. Many of these parents do not choose to be single, but due to life circumstances such as divorce or separation, abandonment by a spouse, or death of a spouse, they find themselves raising their children alone. Nearly 85 percent of these households are headed by a female, while the remaining households are headed by a male. The vast majority of both female and male single parent households are either divorced or separated. Approximately one-third of female single parents have never been married, and less than a quarter of female single parents are remarried. Almost a quarter of single parent fathers remarried, while only about 18 percent of single fathers have never been married. Approximately 1 percent of single parents, both men and women, find themselves single parents as the result of the death of a spouse.

As single parents, both men and women face difficult, complicated decisions. Most single parent mothers and fathers work full-time jobs. However, according to single parent family statistics, even though the majority of mothers work full times jobs almost a third of these families live in poverty and approximately the same percentage receive public assistance. According to statistics, approximately 11 percent of single fathers live in poverty. In essence, about three times more single parent females live in poverty than their single male parent counterparts. These reasons could be explained by a myriad of factors, one being the discrepancy in pay between men and women in the workforce. Income is certainly not the only obstacle faced by single parent families but it may be one of the most stressful and challenging obstacles.

Crime

The health, education and behavior of children from single parent families can be adversely impacted by the absence of a parent. This is not to say that all children from single parents will suffer consequences such as these, but there is a greater chance that children from single parent families will face these issues. According to a report completed in 2005, about 63 percent of children in the United States grow up with both biological parents. That means that approximately 37 percent of children in this country grow up without both biological parents, which is reported to be one of the highest rates in the western world. Single parent family statistics indicate that black children are more likely than Asian, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children to grow up in a single parent family or a family where both biological parents are absent. Incidences of teen pregnancy, suicide, and drug abuse are higher among children from single parent homes. In addition, children from single parent families are more likely than their counterparts to drop out of high school, go to prison, or runaway from home.

Single Parent Family Statistics - Single Parents a New Trend?

Single Parent Family Statistics - Single Parents a New Trend?

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