Saturday, June 8, 2013

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Tuesday, March 5, 2013

Crime Rates

Robbery, rape, bribery and theft are some of the serious crimes that have been on the rise in many countries as thus far. These crime have not only set a bad image of these countries to foreigners but also has socially degraded the respect other countries.

There are many types of crime s that can be taken account in those countries, such as outraging modesty, causing hurt and criminal intimidation, rioting, cheating, extortion, criminal breach of trust, computer crime, and trafficking in and possession of dangerous drugs.

The crimes that have been listed have been a serious offence in many countries and anyone caught in the act will be sure to receive a severe penalty.

Crime Rates

Youths have been the generation that have been most involved in crime thus far. This clearly shows that the youths of these countries have to be properly educated and taught to be more responsible at an early age so that they don't get involved in social activities such as these.

Most of the unemployed and drug addicts whom commit these crimes are either from a poor background, did not receive enough education or have come from a problematic family. This fact has to be taken account, and drastic measures have to be taken by the government and also parents to rise up and produce a generation that can uphold the country's name.

The crime rate of these countries is a major issue and has to be curbed and taken serious account if they want to become a major industrial and modern country.

Crime Rates
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Monday, February 25, 2013

Crime Prevention Checklist - Are You Doing Everything You Should Be Doing to Protect Yourself?

In the modern world, you can fall victim to crime everywhere you go, from the mall to your school and yes, even at home. Although it's impossible to completely eliminate the risk of crime from your daily life, a few simple steps can dramatically decrease your chance of becoming a victim of rape, assault, theft, and dozens of other possible crimes. The following checklist can help you measure how well you are protecting your personal safety.

In the Home - Do you routinely lock your doors and windows, even when you are at home during the day? Have you gone a step further by protecting them with audible alarms? Statistics show that most criminals enter through a door or window that has been left unlocked.

Are you careful who you let in the door? Do you ask for photo ID when letting a repairman in? Do you check the references of those who work in or around your house? Are you present when repairmen enter your home, or do you allow them to come inside and have free reign of your home while you're away at work?

Crime Prevention Checklist - Are You Doing Everything You Should Be Doing to Protect Yourself?

Do you keep a list of emergency numbers near your phone? Do your children know who to call in case of an emergency? Do you even know where the local police station is located? Far too many people simply don't know where to turn if they need emergency assistance.

Fire Safety - In addition to general home security practices, are you doing enough to protect your safety in case of a fire in the home? Do you have an emergency escape plan for fires and natural disasters? Do you keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen and know how to use it? Are all matches and lighters secured out of the reach of children? Are the batteries in your smoke alarms checked regularly?

In Your Community - Maintaining good communications with your neighbors is one of the most effective ways to reduce the chance of home invasions and other property crimes in the neighborhood. Far too often, homeowners never speak to those living next to them. Do you talk to your neighbors at least every few weeks? Have you talked about watching each other's property? Do you agree to collect each other's mail and newspapers during vacations?

Does your neighborhood have an active Neighborhood Watch program? This program is a formalized agreement to keep an eye on activities in the area and report any suspicious behaviors to the police. Communities with active Neighborhood Watch programs post street signs advising would-be criminals of this fact.

Your Daily Routine - Do you ever carry more tan 0 in cash in your wallet? Do you use the ATM only in a secure area during the day, or do you sometimes use the ATM after dark or in out-of-the way places?

Do you carry a cell phone? What about a stun gun, a personal alarm, or a canister of pepper spray? Is your personal safety ever even a consideration when you're out jogging, shopping, or running errands? Do you have a self defense plan for the "what if" scenario?

Your Car - Do you make a point to lock your car doors and roll up the windows wherever you park, even if you'll just be there for a minute? Do you make an effort to park in well-lit parking lots, and avoid walking to your car alone at night?

Often, our ordinary daily routines make us a target for criminal activity. Following these simple rules of personal safety can dramatically decrease the possibility of becoming a crime victim.

Crime Prevention Checklist - Are You Doing Everything You Should Be Doing to Protect Yourself?
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Saturday, February 16, 2013

Demography Changes and Crime - Rising Elderly Population

Introduction

Demography is essentially the study of populations, divided into different sectors mainly; natural change which include births and deaths, net migration, age component and finally marriage, separation/divorce and headship rates. Demographic studies are important when planning future policies and investment decisions regarding schools, hospitals, roads, recreational facilities and power and water supplies. Research on changing population trends are of utmost importance in planning investment.

Planning Authority Topic Paper on Demography Report

Demography Changes and Crime - Rising Elderly Population

Malta is a densely populated country with very limited land resources. Population projections enable the authorities to plan size and structure of future households and other policy making such as on education, health and social services. These projections serve also for traffic management, communications, leisure, recreational needs and urban and environmental planning. Our recent entry into the EU is also to be taken into account in terms of possible migration.

While certain events such as birth, mortality and migration can be somewhat predictable, other choices such as contraception are not as easy to predict. All in all, population predictions are not an easy task and are non linear and pretty volatile and need detailed analysis of quantitative data. The 2001 Topic Paper on demography is the third of its kind pepared by the Planning Authority to enable future and effective planning.

The projections in this paper cover the period from 1995 to 2020. Since it covers a period of twenty five years, one cannot expect a high degree of accuracy. The projections are based on the 1995 census of Population and Housing data. The Regional Projections are then based on the seven local plans defined by the Planning Authority, which are Central Malta, Gozo and Comino, Grand Harbour, Marsaxlokk Bay, North Harbours, North West and South Malta.

The cohort component method, used in most developed countries, was used for national projection in the Maltese island. This method is based on five year age cohorts and has the advantage of letting population change to be inserted and adjusted. An individual analysis is therefore of benefit as it influences the demographic components that effect the projection results. Age and gender are always included when formulating population projections.

Population projections usually assume that future events will be somewhat similar to past events. The hypothesis of the topic paper is based on mortality, reproductive behaviour and migration to understand the Maltese demographic situation.

Trends in the Maltese Islands

Low birth and mortality rates have been experienced in Malta for quite some time now, demographically we call this late transitional. This means that the population will be moving towards a post- transitional period and increase will be very low or none at all. Further rises in life expectancy, especially for females are to be expected but migration is still a volatile component to be considered. According to the 2001 report Malta is one of the highest in Europe when it comes to life expectancy with an average of 77.5 for both males and females. Postponement of death is mainly due to betterment in health services and a decrease in degenerative diseases. Other factors that increase life expectancy are the improvements in living standards.

Women tend to live more than men. According to the 2001 Planning Authority Demography Topic Paper, women tend to 'engage less in life threatening lifestyles, such as alcoholism... less exposed to hazardous work environments.' (Miljanic Brinkworth, Vassallo, Pace Asciak, Formosa, Brigulio and Bhowmick, 2001). Until 2000 the gender gap will continue to widen and after 2005 it is expected to narrow. At 2020 life expectancy will be 78 for males and 83 for females (Miljanic Brinkworth et al., 2001)

During the 1990's life expectancy increased, with a fluctuation for males. In 2020, females' life expectancy is expected to stabilize while male life expectancy will continue to rise to about 76.5 (Miljanic Brinkworth et al., 2001). Since the age of the population is going to increase, planners must start to think about the changes in housing, community care, old people's homes, pension sustainability, schools and hospitals and so on.

Since 1985 fertility rates have been on the decrease. This is due to a number of reasons; more women are working, studying and therefore postponing marriage and having children to a later stage in their life. Fewer children are also being born due to these factors. Fertility rates have fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 according to the census, 35% of mothers have two children while 18% have 1 child (Miljanic Brinkworth et al., 2001). Since the number of children born are less than ever, this will have repercussions that planners must take into consideration e.g. education, employment, housing etc. Is it worth building more schools when there won't be enough children to use them? Will there be enough people working to sustain the pensions of the larger ageing population in the coming years? Will there be more migration because of better jobs abroad and how will this effect Malta? With the increase of migrants in Malta, how will this affect the population trends?

Migration is a problem for calculating population change since it is very volatile. The post war period in Malta was dominated by three net migration peaks, with a decade apart. 1954 was the year most people left Malta, with a total of 11,447, followed respectively by the years 1950, 1964 and 1965 with over 8000 migrants in each year. From 1976 to 1997 there were a number of migrants that returned to Malta, mainly dominated by males (Miljanic Brinkworth et al., 2001). These movements of people obviously had repercussions on the population structure. Since we have now joined the EU, migration is once again on the agenda. Will there be a migration of men alone or will whole families migrate? One must also note that people will migrate to Malta as a result of our joining the EU. In recent years we have seen an increase of illegal immigrants and refugees on our shores coming from the African continent. Some of these will proceed to other European countries or USA, while others will set up family here. This is an issue planners must keep in mind as this will have a bearing on projections.

The 2001 Planning Authority study based the regional population projections on the seven local plans mentioned before. This was done to chart the internal migration in Malta, with the census data as the authoritative source. Economic prospects, ideal environment, housing availability and so on are linked to internal migration. Child bearing has no relevance in this sector since fertility rates do not vary among local plans. The same can be said on mortality rates. Size and structure though have an effect on internal migration. In the Grand Harbour Local Plan, with the current conditions, by the year 2020 the population will have decreased to 6700 from 30700. The urban and social fabric will automatically have severe consequences. Internal migration is estimated at 3% of the total population, and is usually in their own locality of vicinity. An increase in population is expected in all localities except for the Grand Harbour local plan (Miljanic Brinkworth et al., 2001).

For structure plan review purposes household projections are required in order to plan for housing provisions, urban services, transport, education and recreation. The projections are based on an analysis of households by age and gender. An increase of households can be expected since female independence has increased and there are a greater number of separations, and single mothers. Co- habitation is also on the increase though not as much as in Europe. This could be because co-habitation is not yet so accepted in Malta and accommodation is not cheap. Renting is not an option for many people. Many do not leave their parents' home until they are married and this is prolonged more for those who continue their tertiary education. Males marry later than females and therefore stay longer in their parental homes (Decannini, 1999 as cited in Miljanic Brinkworth et al., 2001).

An increase in household can be also attributed to the government's help in keeping the elderly in the community. 80% of Maltese elderly prefer to continue living at home (Delia, 1993 as cited in Miljanic Brinkworth et al., 2001). By 2020, 60 year olds will be more active and therefore will continue to live at home, while those in a home will be of an older age.

The report forecasts that in comparison to 1995 in 2020 there will be; a larger population estimated at 434,260, a higher proportion of males, a higher proportion of people over 60 years of age, a lower birth rate, a higher death rate, a higher fertility rate, higher life expectancy for both males and females, an average international migration of 775, smaller households, more households, more persons in institutions, more people residing in the central Malta local plan, less people residing in Gozo and Comino Local Plan area, lower population in the Grand Harbour area and approximately the same for the other Local Plan areas (Miljanic Brinkworth et al., 2001).

Increasing Elderly Population

In Malta the projected percentage distribution by age and sex for the years 2006, 2015 and 2035 show an increase in the aging population that reaches a 13.8% for females and an 11.5% for males in the 75 and over range in the year 2035. This contrasts greatly with the low 3.7% and 3.8% of those born in this same period. The trend shows an increase in the elderly population and a steady decrease in the birth rate (National Statistics Office, 2006).

In November 2005, the average age of the population stood at 38.5 years, compared to 35.7 years in 1995 and 33.8 in 1985 ( National Statistics Office, 2005). This resulted from a declining fertility rate, 16.1 % less than in 1995 while an increase was noted in the 50 to 64 age group and 65 and over range group, with an increase of 42.5% and 28.6% respectively National Statistics Office, 2006). The dependency ratio[1] in 2005 decreased to 44.7% compared to 50.4% in 1995. This is due to the low fertility rate that in 10 years decreased by 0.4 per mother.

With the increase of the elderly in our societies, crimes against the elderly are bound to rise. '... the rejection of the value of the elderly ... they become dehumanised... opens the doors to crime...' (Montague, 2006). The likelihood of being a victim of crime is strongly related to one's age (Fattah, 1991 as cited in Carrington, 2001). A study in 2003 in the state of Idaho concluded that the poorer the elderly, the more likely they are to become victims. This can be attributed to the unsustainability of the pension schemes present that put elderly in sticky situations. Their choice of housing depends on their income, and therefore might have to live in crimogenic areas (Montague, 2006).

In Australia, the population is ageing steadily and like other older people in other countries they are at risk mainly from four main sources. The first and most common is being a victim of family members, friends or acquaintances they trust. These may assault them, abuse them or steal from them. There is also the risk that strangers will victimise the elders and commercial organisations (white collar criminals) who would defraud them (Graycar, 1999). The high level of victimisation can be due to the fact that the elderly have accumulated savings over the years. Inflation can make them feel that they will not cope economically, and so they are prone to fraudulent activities who promise them money for investing their hard earned cash (Miyazawa, 1990).

Losses are occurring in a broad sociological context, since we are experiencing an ever increasing aging society (Rathbone- McCuan, 1986). The increase has given rise to a greater demand for state and private provisions especially since family and kinship models are changing. Even though in Malta, cultural values are still strong, the family is undergoing major changes. The elderly have become a burden on society and institutions are now filling the gap (Agius, 1989). Elderly who are in institutions or receive care at home are at risk of being abused or neglected by their carers (Graycar, 1999). Fraud and abuse in institution settings for elderly are of the financial kind were personal funds are stolen or misused, rights abuse such as privacy and right to information, neglect and physical and psychological abuse (Halamandaris, 1983 & Stathopoulos, 1983 as cited in Rathbone- McCuan, 1986).Victimizing will become even greater in the years to come when the current population will reach very advanced stages of ageing (Rathbone- McCuan, 1986). Therefore the fear of crime in the elderly is not unfounded. Among the aged the risk of crime is of a predatory, economic type and can also result from abuse from those who care for them (Graycar, 1999).

Community and home based care should be provided to help families with elderly in need of care thus avoiding the need to be institutionalized. In 2007, elderly over 80 in Germany were over four million. They are living longer and healthier lives which means that there is a need for a 'societal infrastructure that accommodates the needs of an ageing population' (Unknown Author, 2007). Suitable housing is to be provided as well as urging public institutions to provide ramps for wheelchairs, companies and shops to provide services such as carrying bags for the elderly and so on. Germany is not prepared to cope with the growing number of health problems that affect the elderly and is still relying on the family to provide care. Most elderly prefer to live at home and one should look to alternatives such as multi family housing where several generations of a family live in different apartments but under the same roof (Lenz as cited in Unknown author, 2007). In the United States a concept is growing rapidly called 'independent living'. This is where elderly who are still relatively healthy live in a community. Meals are provided for them and shops, banks, transport and medical services are accessible. This could be an excellent approach that could be adopted and customised according to local needs. In Malta, we already some services that help the elderly in their home such as Telecare[2], meals on wheels[3] and handy man services. Reliance on the welfare state and government homes for the elderly is unfortunately considerable in Malta, with a large waiting list for St. Vincent De Paule Home for the Elderly (Dunn, 2001).

Migration of elderly people to coastal is being experienced in many countries. People move to other countries such as Spain and Malta that offer mild weather and better living conditions then for example in Britain. In the USA, the elderly populate places like Florida and Long Island, as these areas provide them with an ideal life. Elder people tend to migrate to places which offer 'the slower more relaxed pace and the natural beauty' (Spencer, 2000). Others migrate because of the availability of cheaper and better health services. These movements create a number of age related problems such as transport and mobility problems, high demand for health services, less people working and so on. Innovative ways to improve transport and delivery of services should be devised. Communications and information technology can offer solutions to some of these problems. For example, shopping from one's home will reduce travelling for the elderly as goods are delivered directly to their homes. The same can be said of financial transactions. In 20 years time technology will be more effective and more useful in aiding the elderly in becoming independent (Spencer, 2000).

In Japan, by the beginning of the 21st century 25% of its population will be elderly. It is interesting to note that Miyazawa, 1990 included crime committed by the elderly in his study. 3.9% of the total individuals apprehended by the police were elderly. The offences committed by the elderly were mostly property offences followed closely by embezzlement and fraud. Why do the elderly turn to criminal behaviour? According to Miyazawa, 1990 the reasons are various. He tries to explain them by saying that the elderly are forced to retreat from social life creating a certain amount of resentment resulting from economic and psychological deprivation and this may ultimately lead to deviant behaviour. The loss of work due to retirement can cause the energy and capabilities of the elderly to be diverted to deviant behaviour. Since the elderly population is increasing all over the world, crime by the elderly must be considered too and solutions be found and plans drawn up (Miyazawa, 1990).

Fresco, 2003 wrote an article in the Chicago Tribune about how elderly drivers were involved in most car accidents. In Long island, drivers over 75 had the second highest fatality rate in 2000. Though older drivers aim for the easiest traffic, and drive fewer miles, avoiding rush hours, in bad weather and at nights they still are a risk on the road. This is because many older drivers have slower reflexes, poorer hearing and vision. These issues are likely to multiply as the ageing population increases. Lack of suitable public transportation, suburban housing with spread out patterns will create problems. The administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington D.C. admitted that this was going to be a huge problem, and people will still have to 'get around... to the store...to the doctor, the church' (Fresco, 2003). If the elderly are made to give up their licence, they will face a lot of difficulties in leading an independent life.

The demographic changes of the population will continue and so will the overall crime rate as a result. If an age group, such as the youngsters' will decline and is replaced by age groups characterized by lower offending rates, the crime rate will automatically decline (Carrington, 2001). Companies and businesses, the community and government must find solutions to the problems that will be encountered by the inevitable increasing ageing population.

[1] Dependency ratio is the sum of people aged less than 15 and over 65 years.

[2] The Telecare Service enables the subscriber to call for assistance when required. It aims to provide peace of mind to older adults, disabled persons and those with special needs, thus encouraging them to continue living in their own home. Telecare is also a source of reassurance for the subscriber's carers and relatives. http://www.sahha.gov.mt

[3] The scope of the Meals on Wheels is to support elderly persons and others who are still living in their own home but who are unable to prepare a decent meal. The Maltese Cross Corps (a non-governmental organization) in collaboration with the Department for the Elderly and Community Care provide these individuals with a cooked meal. http://www.sahha.gov.mt

Demography Changes and Crime - Rising Elderly Population
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Saturday, February 9, 2013

Responsibilities of a Crime Scene Detective

Many officers in uniform yearn to be detectives until they actually get that promotion. Little do they realize that the hours are long, sleep is minimal, and the responsibility of an officer of his stature is tremendous. Normally, detectives must have at least three years of law enforcement experience before they can apply to become detective. In larger jurisdictions, they may be assigned to a specialized unit such as homicide, burglary, auto theft, vice, or white collar. In many smaller police agencies, they need to be proficient in whatever crime they are summoned to investigate.

Upon arrival at the crime scene, the responding uniformed officer explains the event to the detective. The better the officer did his job, the better the knowledge the detective will have of the crime scene and the events that occurred there.

Every detective is unique. Some are rough while some are smooth. All the well-rounded ones have the practical knowledge of a street patrolman, an insight on the forensic sciences, the knowledge of a prosecutor, and an ability to put together bits of information, such as people, events, and evidence, in space and time in order to come up with an investigative scenario of the crime that took place.

Responsibilities of a Crime Scene Detective

A detective ensures that all the duties of a patrolman have been completed at the scene. A good detective not only knows that the case is dependent on what the first responding officer did, but also remembers what it was like to be in the patrolman's shoes. It is essential that there must be a good rapport between patrolmen and detectives.

After being debriefed by the patrol officer, the detective performs the following duties:

Determines if a search warrant is needed to conduct a search. Interviews the victim or victims repeatedly. Determines the status of the alleged offender. Is the offender in custody? Is he a minor? Has the offender been read his rights? Determines if the witnesses are only witnesses or are heavily involved in the commission of the criminal act. Reports the early status of the investigation to his superiors, uniformed officers, other detectives, and staff members. Determines if other law enforcement agencies should be contacted. Maintains control over the flow of information. Develops hypotheses regarding the incident based on evidence.

The more serious and complex the crime scene, the more time is required to gather and document evidence. In the case of a murder scene, the detective has the choice not to gather or touch the evidence but leaves this up to highly-trained crime scene personnel to process the scene.

No doubt the job responsibility of a police detective is overwhelming.

Responsibilities of a Crime Scene Detective
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Wednesday, February 6, 2013

The Basic Correlation Between Gender and Crime

The relationship between gender and crime are intense, persistent, and contradictory. Both women and men commit and are victims of crimes, but their perspectives, understandings, and interpretations of the crime are likely to be different. As far as observation has been made, it has been proven that both men and women differ in their crime rates, patterns, and in their experiences of discrimination. Also, women are statistically less likely to commit crime than men.

Crime is more easily identifiable as a male characteristic in this society rather than female characteristic because of historical social conventions. Men have been generally the people who go out for work, have drinking habits. Generally, men used to socialize more than women in the past which created an opportunity for men to experience varied and traumatic types of strains. These strains led men to indulge in crime.

On the other hand, women have a more practical and sensible approach to any criminal activity; this is because they are more careful in exposing themselves to persuasion for crimes such as theft, fraud and so on. Another reason is that the females are expected to exhibit soft characteristics, tend to look beautiful, and are considered as the connecting link in the social circle.

The Basic Correlation Between Gender and Crime

Women who are aggressive or violent are more prone to be negatively labeled in the society. The major exclusion to this gender pattern is for prostitution. It is a well established fact that females have lower arrest rates when compared to men except for prostitution.

Both female criminals as well as male criminals, tend to come from surroundings marked by poverty, discrimination, poor schooling and so on as a common factor. But distinctively, male performers may be more self-centered in their approach to crimes and committing offences which directly benefit them or gives them an instantaneous sense of gain. Women who commit crime tend to have a history of being exposed to physical torture or pain, psychologically trauma or sexually abuse either in their childhood or in their adult life.

There are many things such as biology, psychology, economic, education and society which will have a major impact on each and every individual's activities and their understanding of what is acceptable. So, it is a must to look at the issue of correlation between gender and crime from a variety of angles.

The Basic Correlation Between Gender and Crime
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Tuesday, January 29, 2013

Corn Sugar and Blood And the Rise and Fall of the Cleveland Mafia

Chapter I

"Big Ange" and the Death of the Cleveland Mafia

In 1983, Angelo Lonardo, 72, one-time Cleveland Mafia boss, turned government informant. He shocked family, friends, law enforcement officers and particularly, criminal associates with his decision which was made after being sentenced to life plus 103 years for drug and racketeering convictions. The sentence came after a monumental investigation by local, state and federal agencies had all but wiped out the Cleveland Mafia.

Corn Sugar and Blood And the Rise and Fall of the Cleveland Mafia

"Big Ange" as he was called, was the highest ranking mafioso to defect. He testified in 1985 at the Las Vegas casino "skimming" trials in Kansas City and in 1986 at the New York Mafia "ruling commission" trials. Many of the nation's biggest mob leaders were convicted as a result of these trials.

During his testimony, Lonardo told how at age 18, he avenged his father's murder by killing the man believed to be responsible. He further testified that after that murder, he was responsible for the killings of several of the Porrello brothers, business rivals of his father during Prohibition.

Chapter II

Birth of the Cleveland Mafia

During the late eighteen hundreds, the four Lonardo brothers and seven Porrello brothers were boyhood friends and fellow sulphur mine workers in their hometown of Licata, Sicily. They came to America in the early nineteen hundreds and eventually settled in the Woodland district of Cleveland. They remained close friends. Several of the Porrello and Lonardo brothers worked together in small businesses.

Lonardo clan leader "Big Joe" became a successful businessman and community leader in the lower Woodland Avenue area. During Prohibition, he became successful as a dealer in corn sugar which was used by bootleggers to make corn liquor. "Big Joe" provided stills and raw materials to the poor Italian district residents. They would make the booze and "Big Joe" would buy it back giving them a commission. He was respected and feared as a "padrone" or godfather. "Big Joe" became the leader of a powerful and vicious gang and was known as the corn sugar "baron." Joe Porrello was one of his corporals.

Chapter III

The First Bloody Corner

With the advent of Prohibition, Cleveland, like other big cities, experienced a wave of bootleg-related murders. The murders of Louis Rosen, Salvatore Vella, August Rini and several others produced the same suspects, but no indictments. These suspects were members of the Lonardo gang. Several of the murders occurred at the corner of E. 25th and Woodland Ave. This intersection became known as the "bloody corner."

By this time, Joe Porrello had left the employ of the Lonardos to start his own sugar wholesaling business.
Porrello and his six brothers pooled their money and eventually became successful corn sugar dealers headquartered in the upper Woodland Avenue area around E. 110th Street.

With small competitors, sugar dealers and bootleggers, mysteriously dying violent deaths, the Lonardos' business flourished as they gained a near monopoly on the corn sugar business. Their main competitors were their old friends the Porrellos.

Raymond Porrello, youngest of his brothers was arrested by undercover federal agents for arranging a sale of 100 gallons of whiskey at the Porrello-owned barbershop at E. 110th and Woodland. He was sentenced to the Dayton, Oh. Workhouse.

The Porrello brothers paid the influential "Big Joe" Lonardo ,000 to get Raymond out of prison. "Big Joe"
failed in his attempt but never returned the ,000.

Meanwhile, Ernest Yorkell and Jack Brownstein, small-time self-proclaimed "tough guys" from Philadelphia arrived in Cleveland. Yorkell and Brownstein were shakedown artists, and their intended victims were Cleveland bootleggers, who got a chuckle out of how the two felt it necessary to explain that they were tough. Real tough guys didn't need to tell people that they were tough. After providing Cleveland gangsters with a laugh, Yorkell and Brownstein were taken on a "one-way ride."

Chapter IV

Corn Sugar and Blood

"Big Joe" Lonardo in 1926, now at the height of his wealth and power left for Sicily to visit his mother and
relatives. He left his closest brother and business partner John in charge.

During "Big Joe's" six-month absence, he lost much of his ,000 a week profits to the Porrellos who took advantage of John Lonardo's lack of business skills and the assistance of a disgruntled Lonardo employee. "Big Joe" returned and business talks between the Porrellos and Lonardos began.
They "urged" the Porrellos to return their lost clientele.

On Oct. 13th, 1927 "Big Joe" and John Lonardo went to the Porrello barbershop to play cards and talk business with Angelo Porrello as they had been doing for the past week. As the Lonardos entered the rear room of the shop, two gunmen opened fire. Angelo Porrello ducked under a table.

Cleveland's underworld lost its' first boss as "Big Joe" went down with three bullets in his head. John Lonardo was shot in the chest and groin but drew his gun and managed to pursue the attackers through the barbershop. He dropped his gun in the shop but continued chasing the gunmen into the street where one of them turned, and out of bullets, struck Lonardo in the head several times with the butt of his gun. John fell unconscious and bled to death.

The Porrello brothers were arrested. Angelo was charged with the Lonardo brothers' murders. The charges were later dropped for lack of evidence. Joe Porrello succeeded the Lonardos as corn sugar "baron" and later appointed himself "capo" of the Cleveland Mafia.

Chapter V

The Cleveland Meeting

The trail of bootleg blood continued to flow with numerous murders stemming from the Porrello-Lonardo conflict.

Lawrence Lupo, a former Lonardo bodyguard was killed after he let it be known that he wanted to take over the Lonardos' corn sugar business.

Anthony Caruso, a butcher who saw the Lonardos' killers escape was shot and killed. It was believed that he knew the identities of the gunmen and was going to reveal them to police.

On Dec. 5th, 1928, Joe Porrello and his lieutenant and bodyguard Sam Tilocco hosted the first known major meeting of the Mafia at Cleveland's Hotel Statler. Many major Mafia leaders from Chicago to New York to Florida were invited. The meeting was raided before it actually began.

Joe Profaci, leader of a Brooklyn, N.Y. Mafia family was the most well-known of the gangsters arrested. Within a few hours, to the astonishment of police and court officials, Joe Porrello gathered thirty family members and friends who put up their houses as collateral for the gangsters' bonds. Profaci was bailed out personally by Porrello. A great controversy over the validity of the bonds followed.

Several theories have been given as to why the meeting was called. First, it was thought that the gangsters, local presidents of the Unione Siciliane, an immigrant aid society infiltrated by the Mafia, were there to elect a new national president. Their previous president, Frankie Yale had been recently killed by order of Chicago's notorious Al Capone. Second, it was believed that the meeting may have been called
to organize the highly lucrative corn sugar industry. It was also said that the men were there to "confirm" Joe Porrello as "capo" of Cleveland.

Capone, a non-Sicilian was reported to be in Cleveland for the meeting. He left soon after his arrival at the
advice of associates who said that the Sicilians did not want him there.

Chapter VI

The Second Bloody Corner

As Joe Porrello's power and wealth grew, heirs and close associates to the Lonardo brothers grew hot for revenge.

Angelo Lonardo, "Big Joe's" 18-year-old son along with his mother and his cousin, drove to the corner of E. 110th and Woodland, the Porrello stronghold. There Angelo sent word that his mother wanted to speak to Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro. Todaro, now a Porrello lieutenant, had worked for Angelo's father and was believed to be responsible for his murder. In later years it was believed that he was actually one of the gunmen.

As Todaro approached to speak with Mrs. Lonardo whom he respected, Angelo pulled out a gun and emptied it into "Black Sam's stocky frame. Todaro crumpled to the sidewalk and died.

Angelo and his cousin disappeared for several months reportedly being hid in Chicago courtesy of Lonardo friend Al Capone. Later it was believed that Angelo spent time in California with his uncle Dominick, fourth Lonardo brother who fled west when indicted for a payroll robbery murder in 1921.

Eventually Angelo and his cousin were arrested and charged with "Black Sam's" murder. For the first time in Cleveland's bootleg murder history justice was served as both young men were convicted and sentenced to life. Justice although served would be shortlived as they would be released only a year and a half later after winning a new trial.

Chapter VII

Rise of the Mayfield Road Mob

On October 20th, 1929, Frank Lonardo, brother to "Big Joe" and John was shot to death while playing cards. Two theories were given for his death; that it was in revenge for the murder of "Black Sam" Todaro and, that he was killed for not paying gambling debts. Mrs. Frank Lonardo, when told of
her husband's murder screamed, "I'll get them. I'll get them myself if I have to kill a whole regiment!"

By 1929, Little Italy crime boss Frank Milano had risen to power as leader of his own gang, "The Mayfield Road Mob." Milano's group was made up in part of remnants of the Lonardo gang and was also associated with the powerful "Cleveland Syndicate," Morrie Kleinman, Moe Dalitz, Sam Tucker and Louis Rothkopf. The Cleveland Syndicate was responsible for most of the Canadian booze imported via Lake Erie. In later years they got into the casino business. One of the their largest and most profitable enterprises was construction of the Desert Inn Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas. Dalitz would become known as the "Godfather of Las Vegas."

Joe Porrello admired Milano's political organization, the East End Bi-Partisan Political Club and, seeing the value in such influence, wanted to ally himself with the group. Milano refused. Later, Porrello was reported to have affiliated himself with the newly formed 21st District Republican Club. He hoped to organize the Woodland Avenue voters as Milano was doing on Mayfield road.

Chapter VIII

More Corn Sugar and Blood

By 1930, Milano had grown quite powerful. He had gone so far as to demand a piece of the lucrative Porrello corn sugar business. On July 5th, 1930, Porrello received a phonecall from Milano who had requested a conference at his Venetian Restaurant on Mayfield Road. Sam Tilocco and Joe Porrello's brother Raymond urged him not to go.

At about 2:00 p.m., Joe Porrello and Sam Tilocco arrived at Milano's restaurant and speakeasy. Porrello, Tilocco, and Frank Milano sat down in the restaurant and discussed business. Several of Milano's henchmen sat nearby. The atmosphere was tense as Porrello refused to accede to Milano's demands.

Porrello reached into his pocket for his watch to check the time. Two of Milano's men, possibly believing that Porrello was reaching for his gun opened fire. Porrello died instantly woth three bullets in his head Simultaneously, a third member of Milano's gang fired at Tilocco who was struck three times but managed to stagger out the door toward his new Cadillac. He fell to the ground as the gunmen pursued him, finishing him off with another six bullets.

Frank Milano and several of his restaurant employees were arrested but only charged with being suspicious persons. The gunmen were never actually identified. Only one witness was present in the saloon when the shooting started. He was Frank Joiner, a slot machine distributor whose only testimony was that he "thought" he saw Frank Milano in the restaurant during the murders.

Cleveland's aggressive and outspoken Safety Director Edwin Barry, frustrated by the continually rising number of bootleg murders, ordered all known sugar warehouses to be padlocked. He ordered a policeman to be detailed at each one to make sure that no sugar was brought in or removed.

Meanwhile, the six Porrello brothers donned black silk shirts and ties and buried their most successful brother. The showy double gangster funeral was one the largest Cleveland had ever seen. Two bands and thirty-three cars overloaded with flowers led the procession of the slain don and his bodyguard. Over two hundred fifty automobiles containing family and friends followed. Thousands of mourners and curious on-lookers lined the sidewalks.

Cleveland's underworld was tense with rumors of imminent warfare. Porrello brother Vincente-James spoke openly of wiping out everyone responsible for his brother's murder.

Three weeks after his brother's murder, Jim Porrello still wore a black shirt as he entered the I & A grocery and meat market at E. 110th Street and Woodland. As he picked out lamb chops at the meat counter, a Ford touring car, its' curtains tightly drawn, cruised slowly past the store. A couple of shotguns poked out and two lasts of buckshot were fired, one through the front window of the store and one through the front screen door.

The amateur gunmen got lucky. Two pellets found the back of Porrello's head and entered his brain. He was rushed to the hospital.

Chapter IX

"I think maybe they'll kill all us Porrellos"

"I think maybe they'll kill all us Porrellos. I think maybe they will kill all of us except Rosario. They can't
kill him - he's in jail." Thus Ottavio Porrello grimly but calmly predicted the probable fate of he and his brothers as he waited outside Jim's hospital room. Jim Porrello died at 5:55 p.m.

Two local petty gangsters were arrested and charged with murder. One was discharged by directed verdict and the other was acquitted. Like almost all of Cleveland's bootleg related murders, the killers never saw justice.

About this time, it was rumored that the Porrello brothers were marked for extermination. The surviving
brothers went into hiding. Raymond, known for his cocky attitude and hot temper spoke like his brother James did of seeking revenge. Raymond was smarter though, he took active measures to protect himself.

On August 15th, 1930, three weeks after James Porrello's murder, Raymond Porrello's house was leveled in a violent explosion. He was not home at the time since he had taken his family and abandoned his home in anticipation of the attack.

Four days later Frank Alessi, a witness to the murder of "Big Joe" Lonardo's brother Frank, was gunned down. From his death bed, he identified Frank Brancato as his assailant. Brancato was known mainly as a Lonardo supporter and suspect in several murders. Brancato was acquitted of Alessi's murder.

Chapter X

In March of 1931, Rosario Porrello was paroled from Ohio's London Prison Farm where he had served one year for carrying a gun in his car.

In mid-1931, National Mafia "capo di tutti capi" (boss of all bosses) Salvatore Maranzano was killed. His murder set in motion the formation of the first Mafia National Ruling Commission created to stop the numerous murders resulting from conflicts between and within Mafia families and to promote application of modern business practices to crime.

Charles "Lucky" Luciano was the main developer of the commission and was named chairman. Also named to the commission were Al Capone of Chicago, Joe Profaci of Brooklyn and Frank Milano of Cleveland.

In Dec. of 1931, Angelo Lonardo and his cousin Dominic Suspirato were released from prison after being acquitted of "Black Sam" Todaro's murder during a second trial. Because he had avenged his father's death and (for the most part) gotten away with it, he became a respected member of Frank Milano's Mayfield Road Mob.

The thirst for revenge had not been satisfied for members of the Lonardo family. It was generally believed
that "Black Sam" Todaro instigated and perhaps took part in the murders of "Big Joe" and John Lonardo. However it was believed by members of the Lonardo family that the remaining Porrello brothers, particularly the volatile John and Raymond and eldest brother Rosario still posed a threat because of
the murders of Joe and James Porrello.

On Feb. 25th, 1932 Raymond Porrello, his brother Rosario and their bodyguard Dominic Gulino (known also by several aliases) were playing cards near E. 110th and Woodland Avenue. The front door burst open and in a hail of bullets the Porrello brothers, their bodyguard and a bystander went down. The Porrellos died at the scene. Gulino died a couple of hours later. The bystander eventually recovered from his
wounds.

Several hours after the murders, Frank Brancato, with a bullet in his stomach, dragged himself into St. John's hospital on Cleveland's west side. He claimed he was shot in a street fight on the west side. A few days later, tests on the bullet taken from Brancato revealed that it came from a gun found at the Porrello brothers murder scene. Although never convicted of either of the murders, Brancato was convicted of perjury for lying to a Grand Jury about his whereabouts during the murder. He served four years after a one to ten year sentence was commuted by Governor Martin L. Davey.

In 1933, Prohibition was repealed. The bootleg murders mostly stopped as organized crime moved into other enterprises. Angelo Lonardo continued his crime career as a respected member of the Cleveland family eventually rising through the ranks to run the northeast Ohio rackets in 1980.

In early 1933, in a sequel to the tragedy of the large Porrello family, Rosario's son Angelo, 21, was killed in a fight over a pool game in Buffalo. It was said that he and his Uncle John were there trying to muscle in on the corn liquor business.

******

Corn Sugar and Blood And the Rise and Fall of the Cleveland Mafia
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A police chief in suburban Cleveland, Rick Porrello serendipitously began his writing career when curiosity about the murder of his grandfather along with that of several uncles led to penning his first true crime saga, The Rise and Fall of the Cleveland Mafia. Porrello went on to write a second book, To Kill the Irishman: The War That Crippled the Mafia which recounts the story of Irish-American racketeer Danny Greene who took on the Cleveland Mafia and was murdered in 1977. It's now a feature film, The Irishman, starring Ray Stevenson, Linda Cardellini, Chris Walken, Val Kilmer and Paul Sorvino and directed by Jonathan Hensleigh. The screenplay was written by Jeremy Walters and Jonathan Hensleigh. Produced by Code Entertainment, The Irishman was the vision of filmmaker Tommy Reid and is due out in 2010. Porrello's most recent title, Superthief- A Master Burglar, the Mafia and the Biggest Bank Heist in U.S. History is being shopped for film by manager Peter Miller of PMA Literary and Film Management. August, 2009

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Friday, January 25, 2013

The Role Of Geographic Profiling In Serial Violent Crime Investigation

Geographic profiling is an information management system and investigative methodology that evaluates the locations of connected serial crimes to determine the most probable area of offender residence.

It can be applied in cases of serial murder, rape, arson, robbery and bombings.

Background and History

The Role Of Geographic Profiling In Serial Violent Crime Investigation

The name most closely associated with geographical profiling is Kim Rossmo. Rossmo began studying geographical profiling as part of his PhD studies at Simon Fraser University (British Columbia, Canada).

He studied under professors Paul and Patricia Brentingham, who had developed a theoretical crime model which examined where crimes were most likely to happen, based on offender residence, workplace and leisure activity.

Put simply, the Brentingham model maintains that we all have an 'activity space' related to the areas in which we live, work and play and that this activity space produces a discernible pattern of movement around the city.

In relation to criminal activity, therefore, it follows that an offender has to know about a particular geographical area before he or she begins selecting crimes to commit; and where the offenders movement patterns intersect within this geographical area, will to a large extent determine where the crime takes place.

Kim Rossmo noted that the Brentingham model was examined primarily in relation to crime prevention and was interested in approaching the topic from the opposite perspective i.e. asking the question, what does the location of a crime say about where the offender might live?

Acknowledging the potential investigative use of this research the Vancouver Police Department established the worlds first Geographic Profiling Section in 1995. Since it's launch, Scotland Yard, The FBI, The New York Police Department and The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have all called upon the services of the geographic profiling section.

How Does Geographical Profiling Work?

Geographic profiling works on the premise that the location of a crime site can provide the police with vital information. It assesses and predicts the offender's most likely place of residence, place of work, social venues and travel routes etc.

Geographic profiling consists of both quantitative (objective) scientific geographic techniques and qualitative (subjective) components e.g. a reconstruction and interpretation of the offender's mental map.'

The primary geographic technique is a computerised system known as Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT). Put simply, spatial data i.e. data relating to time, distance and movement to and from the crime scenes is analysed to produce a three-dimensional model known as a jeopardy surface.

The jeopardy surface contains height and colour probability codes which when superimposed onto a map of the area in which the serial crimes have been committed give an indication of the likelihood of offender residence or place of work.

Although the science underpinning geographic profiling can be difficult to comprehend, it's easy to see how this approach can offer practical assistance in the course of a criminal investigation. As Rossmo points out:

'By establishing the probability of the offender residing in various areas and displaying those results on a map, police efforts to apprehend criminals can be assisted. This information allows police departments to focus their investigative efforts, geographically prioritise suspects, and concentrate patrol efforts in those zones where the criminal predator is likely to be active'.

Geographical Profiling Process & Methodology

process:

A geographic profile would typically fit into a criminal investigation as follows:

A series of crimes is committed.

The crimes are investigated via traditional means.

Linking analysis conducted to ascertain which crimes are connected.

Psychological profile of the unknown subject conducted.

Geographical profile constructed.

New investigative strategies developed and pursued.

Methodology

In preparing a geographic profile, a number of operational procedures will be followed. These include:

Examination of the case file: Witness statements, autopsy reports & psychological profile (if available).

Inspection of the crime scene.

Meetings and discussions with lead investigators.

Visits to the crime sites when practical.

Analysis of local crime statistics and demographic data.

Study of street, zoning and rapid transit maps.

Overall analysis and report submission.

To find out more about geographic profiling and criminal profiling in general visit http://www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/

The Role Of Geographic Profiling In Serial Violent Crime Investigation
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Having worked as a lecturer in psychology in the UK, I recently moved to sunny Spain with my family, where I now work as a distance learning tutor and research dissertation supervisor.

Since 2000, I've been involved in collaborative research with teams of forensic scientists in the UK, US and Canada.

Keep up-to-date with the world of forensic psychology by reading the forensic psychology blog. This regularly updated blog addresses the most common issues and questions raised by those thinking of or currently studying and working in the field. Among the topics covered are career and study options, forensic job opportunites, conference listings, internships, forensic research and psychological research methods.

http://student-guide-to-forensic-psychology.blogspot.com/

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Tuesday, January 22, 2013

Juveniles and Crime

Most of us probably did something in our childhood that we are ashamed of or embarrassed about. We fibbed to our parents, missed curfew, and sometimes got grounded for errors in judgment. With childhood often comes bad decision making; as adults we look back and realize those mistakes and the consequences that followed were a fact of life. But sometimes, young people make very serious choices and some of their bad decisions and poor judgment may involve committing a crime.

Most of us can think of a time when we or a friend shoplifted some gum or candy from the grocery store or carved our name on a desk at school. While these two acts will not land a juvenile in jail, a more serious crime certainly might. If you or a young person in your life has been arrested for any crime, it is absolutely imperative that you hire an experienced criminal defense attorney in your area to defend your case.

Some of the most common crimes that juveniles are arrested for are:

Juveniles and Crime

· Shoplifting

· Burglary

· Auto theft

· DUI

· Drug offenses

· Trespassing

· Vandalism

· Underage alcohol consumption

· Property crimes

The typical juvenile offender is male, between the ages of 15 and 17. In some states, such as Florida, juvenile crime in getting worse. Over the last ten years, there has been a marked increase in the number of crimes committed by juveniles. The largest increase has been in the number of violent offenses committed. Motor vehicle theft and property crimes, burglary, and larceny have also increased substantially. Juveniles are not only committing more crimes, they are more frequently becoming the victim of a crime, and more and more juveniles are being victimized by assailants armed with firearms.

The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice provides the following statistics regarding juveniles and crime:

· Juveniles are responsible for about one of four violent crimes in the state.

· The number of aggravated assault and battery by juveniles is up.

· The number of girls arrested for violent felonies has more than doubled in the past eight years.

· Burglary is the felony crime committed most often by juvenile offenders.

· Juvenile crime peaks around 3:00 p.m., the time right after school lets out.

· The number of youths charged with drug crimes has increased in the past ten years.

· Fourteen percent of juvenile offenders can be classified as chronic offenders.

A criminal record negatively impacts the life of a child in many ways including employment, social relationships, college applications, and college loans. An experienced juvenile criminal defense attorney will work to lessen the consequences that can limit your child's future choices.

Juveniles and Crime
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If you or your child has been arrested in Orlando or anywhere in Florida, please visit the website of the experienced juvenile criminal defense attorneys at The Umansky Law Firm in Orlando, Florida.

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Wednesday, January 16, 2013

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