The Role Of Geographic Profiling In Serial Violent Crime Investigation

Geographic profiling is an information management system and investigative methodology that evaluates the locations of connected serial crimes to determine the most probable area of offender residence.

It can be applied in cases of serial murder, rape, arson, robbery and bombings.

Background and History

The Role Of Geographic Profiling In Serial Violent Crime Investigation

The name most closely associated with geographical profiling is Kim Rossmo. Rossmo began studying geographical profiling as part of his PhD studies at Simon Fraser University (British Columbia, Canada).

He studied under professors Paul and Patricia Brentingham, who had developed a theoretical crime model which examined where crimes were most likely to happen, based on offender residence, workplace and leisure activity.

Put simply, the Brentingham model maintains that we all have an 'activity space' related to the areas in which we live, work and play and that this activity space produces a discernible pattern of movement around the city.

In relation to criminal activity, therefore, it follows that an offender has to know about a particular geographical area before he or she begins selecting crimes to commit; and where the offenders movement patterns intersect within this geographical area, will to a large extent determine where the crime takes place.

Kim Rossmo noted that the Brentingham model was examined primarily in relation to crime prevention and was interested in approaching the topic from the opposite perspective i.e. asking the question, what does the location of a crime say about where the offender might live?

Acknowledging the potential investigative use of this research the Vancouver Police Department established the worlds first Geographic Profiling Section in 1995. Since it's launch, Scotland Yard, The FBI, The New York Police Department and The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have all called upon the services of the geographic profiling section.

How Does Geographical Profiling Work?

Geographic profiling works on the premise that the location of a crime site can provide the police with vital information. It assesses and predicts the offender's most likely place of residence, place of work, social venues and travel routes etc.

Geographic profiling consists of both quantitative (objective) scientific geographic techniques and qualitative (subjective) components e.g. a reconstruction and interpretation of the offender's mental map.'

The primary geographic technique is a computerised system known as Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT). Put simply, spatial data i.e. data relating to time, distance and movement to and from the crime scenes is analysed to produce a three-dimensional model known as a jeopardy surface.

The jeopardy surface contains height and colour probability codes which when superimposed onto a map of the area in which the serial crimes have been committed give an indication of the likelihood of offender residence or place of work.

Although the science underpinning geographic profiling can be difficult to comprehend, it's easy to see how this approach can offer practical assistance in the course of a criminal investigation. As Rossmo points out:

'By establishing the probability of the offender residing in various areas and displaying those results on a map, police efforts to apprehend criminals can be assisted. This information allows police departments to focus their investigative efforts, geographically prioritise suspects, and concentrate patrol efforts in those zones where the criminal predator is likely to be active'.

Geographical Profiling Process & Methodology

process:

A geographic profile would typically fit into a criminal investigation as follows:

A series of crimes is committed.

The crimes are investigated via traditional means.

Linking analysis conducted to ascertain which crimes are connected.

Psychological profile of the unknown subject conducted.

Geographical profile constructed.

New investigative strategies developed and pursued.

Methodology

In preparing a geographic profile, a number of operational procedures will be followed. These include:

Examination of the case file: Witness statements, autopsy reports & psychological profile (if available).

Inspection of the crime scene.

Meetings and discussions with lead investigators.

Visits to the crime sites when practical.

Analysis of local crime statistics and demographic data.

Study of street, zoning and rapid transit maps.

Overall analysis and report submission.

To find out more about geographic profiling and criminal profiling in general visit http://www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/

The Role Of Geographic Profiling In Serial Violent Crime Investigation
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Having worked as a lecturer in psychology in the UK, I recently moved to sunny Spain with my family, where I now work as a distance learning tutor and research dissertation supervisor.

Since 2000, I've been involved in collaborative research with teams of forensic scientists in the UK, US and Canada.

Keep up-to-date with the world of forensic psychology by reading the forensic psychology blog. This regularly updated blog addresses the most common issues and questions raised by those thinking of or currently studying and working in the field. Among the topics covered are career and study options, forensic job opportunites, conference listings, internships, forensic research and psychological research methods.

http://student-guide-to-forensic-psychology.blogspot.com/

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Juveniles and Crime

Most of us probably did something in our childhood that we are ashamed of or embarrassed about. We fibbed to our parents, missed curfew, and sometimes got grounded for errors in judgment. With childhood often comes bad decision making; as adults we look back and realize those mistakes and the consequences that followed were a fact of life. But sometimes, young people make very serious choices and some of their bad decisions and poor judgment may involve committing a crime.

Most of us can think of a time when we or a friend shoplifted some gum or candy from the grocery store or carved our name on a desk at school. While these two acts will not land a juvenile in jail, a more serious crime certainly might. If you or a young person in your life has been arrested for any crime, it is absolutely imperative that you hire an experienced criminal defense attorney in your area to defend your case.

Some of the most common crimes that juveniles are arrested for are:

Juveniles and Crime

· Shoplifting

· Burglary

· Auto theft

· DUI

· Drug offenses

· Trespassing

· Vandalism

· Underage alcohol consumption

· Property crimes

The typical juvenile offender is male, between the ages of 15 and 17. In some states, such as Florida, juvenile crime in getting worse. Over the last ten years, there has been a marked increase in the number of crimes committed by juveniles. The largest increase has been in the number of violent offenses committed. Motor vehicle theft and property crimes, burglary, and larceny have also increased substantially. Juveniles are not only committing more crimes, they are more frequently becoming the victim of a crime, and more and more juveniles are being victimized by assailants armed with firearms.

The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice provides the following statistics regarding juveniles and crime:

· Juveniles are responsible for about one of four violent crimes in the state.

· The number of aggravated assault and battery by juveniles is up.

· The number of girls arrested for violent felonies has more than doubled in the past eight years.

· Burglary is the felony crime committed most often by juvenile offenders.

· Juvenile crime peaks around 3:00 p.m., the time right after school lets out.

· The number of youths charged with drug crimes has increased in the past ten years.

· Fourteen percent of juvenile offenders can be classified as chronic offenders.

A criminal record negatively impacts the life of a child in many ways including employment, social relationships, college applications, and college loans. An experienced juvenile criminal defense attorney will work to lessen the consequences that can limit your child's future choices.

Juveniles and Crime
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If you or your child has been arrested in Orlando or anywhere in Florida, please visit the website of the experienced juvenile criminal defense attorneys at The Umansky Law Firm in Orlando, Florida.

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Lack of Education Contributes to Crime

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Domestic Battery in Florida - It's Not Like Every Other Crime

Hard Line Approach

As a practicing criminal defense attorney, I often receive calls from individuals who have either been arrested for domestic battery, or from the "victim" of domestic battery calling on behalf of the arrested person. More often than not, if it is the "victim" they tell me that they didn't want the police to actually make an arrest. However, once that call is made to law enforcement regarding a domestic violence incident, usually someone is going to jail. Florida Law specifically states that domestic violence shall be treated as a criminal act rather than a private matter. As a result, during a domestic battery incident, from the very first contact with law enforcement; there is a pro-prosecution mentality even if the alleged victim does not want to cooperate in the prosecution. Obviously, the reasoning behind this position is the State's public interest in "protecting" the victim of domestic battery. In addition to the overall pro-prosecution mentality of law enforcement and the State Attorney's Office, there are additional laws which effectively treat a "domestic violence" case differently than any other crime.

Not Entitled to a Bond Until You Appear Before a Judge

Domestic Battery in Florida - It's Not Like Every Other Crime

Once arrested, unlike most other crimes, you will not be able to post a bond and get out of jail until you appear before a judge. So what that means is that if you are arrested for a domestic violence offense, you will sit in jail until you are your "first appearance" hearing. Here in Pinellas County, for instance, if you are arrested for a felony charge, you will not even get in front of a judge until the afternoon. Often times, as a condition of bond, you are not allowed to have contact with the alleged victim or their place of residence, even if the arrested person owns the residence.

The State Attorney Makes the Decision Whether to Prosecute

Truth be told, the State Attorney makes the decision whether to prosecute a case in every instance. However, in a garden variety crime, such as theft or a simple battery, under most circumstances, if the victim doesn't want the State to prosecute then usually that case is dropped. That is usually NOT the case when it comes to prosecuting domestic battery cases. If the alleged victim does not want the case prosecuted, or is actually refusing to cooperate with the prosecution, if the State Attorney believes there is sufficient evidence to proceed, they will do so.

Serious Consequences and Penalties

Cannot Seal or Expunge a Domestic Violence Case Resolved with a Guilty or No Contest Plea

Like just about everything else involving domestic violence cases, entering a plea to any charge labeled as "domestic violence" carries potentially serious consequences down the road. These consequences may not be readily apparent at the time of the plea. For instance, I have seen as a former prosecutor and now as a defense attorney, people in jail at the "first appearance" hearing after they have spent a night in jail on a simple misdemeanor domestic battery arrest. Perhaps it is their first arrest ever. They are scared; perhaps hungry; have no money with them at that moment, and all they want to do is get out of jail. It is at this point that the judge offers to withhold adjudication and put them on probation. The person is told that they are not convicted. The arrested person changes his plea to the charge and gets out of jail. Well what just happened? That arrest offense will NEVER come off of your record. Under Florida Law, any disposition of a domestic violence case which involves a guilty or no contest plea, even if adjudication is withheld, CANNOT be sealed or expunged. I have had numerous calls from people trying to seal or expunge a case where they were arrested for domestic battery and pled to it without consulting with an attorney only to learn later that this arrest will remain on their record forever. This type of arrest or charge can seriously impact someone looking for employment or for those looking to advance in their current employment.

Stringent Probation Requirements

If you change your plea to an offense involving domestic violence, Florida Law requires that the offender successfully enter into and complete of family violence counseling which usually takes six months to complete. Your sentence may also include provisions such as no contact with the victim, alcohol evaluation and treatment, psychological evaluation and treatment, and restitution.

Jail or Prison

Some instances, depending on the facts alleged or the prior record of the arrested person, may lead to increased jail time or enhanced penalties such as:

If a person is convicted of Domestic Violence with Bodily Harm you are facing a minimum of 5 days in the county jail.

If convicted of Aggravated Domestic Battery, even without any prior criminal record, you are facing a mandatory state prison sentence under the State Criminal Punishment Code and possibly as much as 15 years in prison.

Florida Law states that if a person has a previous conviction for domestic battery, even if there was a withhold of adjudication, a subsequent conviction for an act of domestic battery can be charged as a felony with a maximum penalty of up to 5 years in prison.

Impact on Divorce and Custody Cases

An arrest or conviction for domestic violence can be used to your detriment in a subsequent or pending divorce matter with the alleged victim especially if there are children in the home and they have witnessed the alleged acts of domestic violence.

Impact on the Ownership, Use, or Possession of Firearms

Florida Law requires the suspension of your concealed weapons permit if you are arrested for an act of domestic violence.

FEDERAL LAW prohibits a person convicted of an act of domestic violence from using, owning or possessing a firearm.

Conclusion

Once the phone call is made to law enforcement for a domestic violence case, Florida Law is going to take over and these cases are not taken lightly. If you are arrested for any act of domestic violence you should take it as seriously as the State of Florida.

Domestic Battery in Florida - It's Not Like Every Other Crime
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Joseph Montrone, Jr.

I served the people of Pinellas County, Florida, for six years as a prosecutor and then represented people injured as a result of the negligence of others at Beltz & Ruth P.A. in St. Petersburg, Florida. In 2006, I opened my own practice to provide my client's with hands on personable representation. I strive to apply the more than 14 years of training and experience that I have obtained through my years of practice in Pinellas County and the Tampa Bay Area. Please contact me at 727-538-4155 or through my website at http://www.montronelaw.com/.

Please read my blog at http://montronelaw.wordpress.com/.

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Violent Crime in America

For families and individuals residing in America the threat
of violent crime is a fear that we all have to live with.
Just pick up your local newspaper or turn on your T.V. and
see the headlines of murder, rape and assaults reported from
coast to coast. There is an answer to the realization that
you may be a victim of a violent crime, and that is to be
prepared to defend yourself should you find yourself in a
situation that warrants it.

A crime of violence or violent crime is a crime in which the
attacker or offender uses or threatens to use violence or
violent force against the victim. These include crimes in
which the violent act is the objective of the attack, such
as murder, along with crimes in which violence is the means
to an end, such as robbery. Males are the primary victims of
crimes of violence, with the exception of rape which
accounts for 6 percent of all violent crimes.

There are four offenses that are considered to be violent
crimes; they are murder and non-negligent manslaughter,
forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. These
violent crimes may also involve the use of force or the
threat of force.

Violent Crime in America

In 2004, there were an estimated 1,367,009 violent crimes
reported in the United States. Of these, aggravated assaults
comprised over 62 percent of all reported crimes, robbery
over 29 percent, forcible rape or sexual assault over 6
percent, and murder comprises a little over 1 percent of all
reported violent crimes.

Here are a few alarming statistics about Violent Crime in
the U.S.

1. Over 94,000 forcible rapes were reported in 2004 an
increase of 4.9 percent since the year 2000. Approximately 6
out of 100 females in the United States will be a victim of
forcible rape.

2. Over 16,000 murders were reported in 2004 an increase of
3.5 percent since 2000, but showed a decline in the number
of murders reported in 2003.

3. There were over 850,000 aggravated assaults reported in
the United States in 2004. This crime usually has the
highest percentage of incidents reported each year. But
research has shown a steady decrease in aggravated assault
occurrences for the last 11 years.

4. In 2004 there were over 400,000 robberies reported in the USA,
robbery is defined by the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR)
as the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the
care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or
threat of force or violence and by putting the victim in
fear.

Now that you are aware of these statistics, and the need for
people in America to have the ability to protect themselves
from violent crimes, or if you are concerned about your
personal safety or the safety of your family, then stay
alert and be prepared and visit us at
http://www.safeselfdefense.com for all of you personal protection
needs.

Fight Back - Don't Be A Victim!

Violent Crime in America
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The Sex Crime of Voyeurism

Voyeurism refers to "spying" on people for the purpose of sexual stimulation. Voyeurism involves invading a person's privacy by watching, and/or recording them without their knowledge or consent. In years past, male voyeurs were called "Peeping Toms," but with today's modern technology, voyeurism has reached a whole other level.

Voyeurism can take place in a variety of different settings, and it can be recorded, or distributed on a variety of different levels. It can involve spying on women as they change in dressing rooms, it can include placing hidden cameras where the voyeur can look up women's skirts, it can include taking pictures, or recording people as they change, or shower in locker rooms, or as people use the restroom. It can also involve taking pictures, or recording people at various states of undress or during sexual activity.

A person doesn't have to commit this crime in public, or outside their home to be found guilty. A homeowner or landlord can violate the law by installing cameras in their own home to tape tenants, or people can spy on, and record their own roommates while they undress, go to the bathroom, take showers, or during sexual activity. A person can violate somebody else's privacy, and violate the law whether they are in a public place, or in their private home.

The Sex Crime of Voyeurism

People are allowed to have a certain level of privacy when it comes to their body parts, and their private sexual activity. In fact, a person can be charged with voyeurism even when they surreptitiously record their own sexual encounter, when the other party is being taped without their knowledge and consent.

Human beings are visual creatures, and have always been guilty of watching other people. Unfortunately, with digital technology, voyeurism can have so many implications for the voyeur himself or herself. An image captured on a cell phone, or smaller recording device can wind up on the internet in a matter of seconds and be distributed across the globe, thus thoroughly invading the victim's privacy.

Voyeurism is a sex crime, and if convicted, a person can be charged with either a misdemeanor or felony offense. Either way, the suspect can be forced to go to jail, pay fines, attend court-ordered counseling, and be placed on probation. Furthermore, a person convicted of voyeurism could be made to register as a sex offender. Mandatory sex offender registration creates incredible obstacles for the offender, and will make life extremely difficult and unpleasant for the accused.

If you were arrested for voyeurism, it is important not to take these charges lightly. Even if the actual offense was rather innocent, or if you had no idea what the legal ramifications were, you could still be facing jail time, and a permanent criminal record. A simple lapse in judgment can lead to a lifetime of consequence if you are ultimately convicted of voyeurism. How would a criminal conviction affect your personal life, your family, your reputation and your career? Hiring a skilled criminal defense attorney will be your first line of defense in combating the charges against you. You are urged to contact a criminal defense lawyer before things get too out of hand.

The Sex Crime of Voyeurism
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